Distribution, toxicity and bioaccumulation of trace metals in environmental matrices of an estuary in a protected area.

Mangroves are productive ecosystems that are highly threatened by anthropogenic activities. We investigated the environmental quality of the Serinhaém river estuary located in a legally protected area. Through chemical analysis of sediments and tissues of Cardisoma guanhumi, in addition to bioassays with elutriate involving Nitokra sp. and Thalassiosira pseudonana, we determined the contamination status and risk factors related to trace metals in the estuary. For the sediment, the concentrations of Cr and Ni were above the limit established by CONAMA n° 454/2012 in the "City" site, and Cr above the TEL in all sampling sites. Ecotoxicological tests showed high toxicity in samples from "City" and "Tributary". The elements Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn were also higher in crabs from these sites. Cr levels exceeded the Brazilian limit for food consumption. The bioaccumulation factor was not significant. However, the overall analysis proved that this estuary is increasingly impacted by anthropogenic pressure.

Trace metal concentration along the Brazilian coast: An assessment of the influence of the Doce River plume.

The Fundão Dam rupture released tons of iron ore tailings into the environment. This study analyzes the long-term impacts and provides a possible scenario of Doce River (DR) plume dispersion. For this, water and surface sediment were collected in November 2019 along three Brazilian states to determine metal concentrations and δ13C and δ15N compositions. The δ13Csediment values of the DR plume showed a dispersion pattern mainly to the north but also in areas closer to the south of the DR mouth. Furthermore, the most negative values of δ13C and δ15N were observed in mud, followed by suspended particulate matter, sediment and the dissolved fraction, indicating that geological matrices are involved in the transport of organic matter coupled to metals to the ocean and pointing to the DR as the main source of metals in the region. Thus, this study highlights the need for continuous studies to monitor the environmental and biological conditions in these areas.

Immediate and long-term impacts of one of the worst mining tailing dam failure worldwide (Bento Rodrigues, Minas Gerais, Brazil).

The rupture of Fundão Dam is considered one of the largest environmental disasters in Brazilian history and one of the largest in the world involving tailings dams. The present study analyzed the changes in metal concentrations in the dissolved, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment in the period just after (15 days) and six months after the dam rupture, together with the biological and cytogenotoxic effects, from the collapse site until the Doce River mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. After the dam rupture, the tailings were mainly transported as SPM. After six months, with the deposition, there was a decrease in metal concentrations in dissolved and SPM and increased levels were observed in the sediment. Cr, Ni, Cd and Hg levels in sediment were higher than the threshold effects level (TEL/NOAA), especially six months after the dam rupture. The water induced immediate negative biological effects at different levels of the trophic chain, together with Al, Fe, Mn and Zn accumulation in fish muscle. Both water and sediment also showed cytotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects. These data demonstrate the importance of long-term monitoring with abiotic and biotic parameters to clarify the impacts of mining tailings and can help to direct future monitoring programs.

Geochemical evaluation of potentially toxic elements determined in surface sediment collected in an area under the influence of gold mining.

In this present paper, the distribution of toxic metals and sediment quality were evaluated in five sampling points of the Itapicuru-Mirim River located in the city of Jacobina, Bahia, Brazil. The concentration of the elements arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were determined from sediment samples collected from the superficial layer (0-10 cm) in November 2013. After the samples' total decomposition, the total concentration of metals was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), except for Hg, which was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP AES). A geochemical evaluation of sediment quality was performed using enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), and pollution load index (PLIThe results of the total concentrations in the analyzed sediment samples were compared with the threshold effect levels (TELs) and probable (PELs) effect levels (PELs) in sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). For the fraction <75 µm, the decreasing order for the metal concentrations was (ppm): Fe (10.86%) > Mn (120.8) > Cr (122) > Zn (76.5) > Pb (49.6) > Cu (32.6) > Ni (28.6) > Hg (0.31) > Cd (0.13). Igeo suggested a moderate to seriously polluted category for Hg and moderately polluted for Cu. Generally, the results indicated probable risks to the biota caused by Cr, Ni, Pb, and Hg metals. However, only Hg, Cd, and Cu were of anthropogenic origin. Although the sediments are relatively preserved from pollution by these metals, there is a progressive deterioration of this compartment downstream of the Itapicuru-Mirim River in the city of Jacobina.

Severe impacts of the Brumadinho dam failure (Minas Gerais, Brazil) on the water quality of the Paraopeba River.

On 25 January 2019, Córrego do Feijão's tailing dam at Brumadinho city (Minas Gerais, Brazil) breached, leaving over 250 people dead. At least 12 million cubic meters of ore tailing were spread into Paraopeba River and the surrounding area. To evaluate the short-term impacts of the Brumadinho dam rupture on the environment, we performed biogeochemical, microbiological and ecotoxicological analyses across 464 km of the Paraopeba River in the week following the disaster (1 February 2019) and four months latter (27-29 May 2019). Immediately after the disaster, the water turbidity was 3000 NTU, 30 times greater than the standard recommended by the Brazilian Resolution for Water Quality (CONAMA 357). Up to a 60-fold increase in iron tolerant microbial colony forming unities was observed up to 115 km downstream of the dam failure in May 2019 (compared with February 2019), suggesting changes in microbial metabolic profiles. In the second sampling (May 2019), the ecotoxicological analyses indicate higher zebrafish embryo mortality (up to ~85% embryo mortality) rates in Retiro Baixo (304 km from dam failure location). However, increased zebrafish mortality in Retiro Baixo and Três Marias reservoirs may not be related exclusively to the dam failure. The causal nexus of mortality may be associated with other factors (e.g. local sewage pollution). Our study suggests that independent monitoring programs are needed to quantify the extent of potential impacts caused by the anthropogenic use of the river and to promote the recovery of the impacted area.